U.K. Approves First Application for Use of CRISPR Gene Editing In Embryo Research
The rapid adoption of the CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technology is evident in the explosion of papers describing the use of the technique for possible use in a variety of applications (e.g., retinitis pigmentosa, Duchenne's muscular dystrophy, HIV infection). As described in earlier posts here, the use of gene editing falls into two broad categories: altering genes in somatic cells (non-reproductive) to treat disease in individuals or altering the germline DNA in embryos to preemptively treat or minimize later-developing disease. It is the latter application that has led to many calls for an official moratorium, a ban on funding, and the convening of a wide public discussion on whether scientists should be able to edit germline DNA, which would create heritable genetic changes passed on to later generations. As reported here earlier, a development biologist in the U.K. applied to the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority (HFEA) for permission to use gene editing to study early embryonic development. That application has now been approved:
Our Licence Committee has approved an application from Dr Kathy Niakan of the Francis Crick Institute to renew her laboratory’s research licence to include gene editing of embryos. The committee has added a condition to the licence that no research using gene editing may take place until the research has received research ethics approval. As with all embryos used in research, it is illegal to transfer them to a woman for treatment.
The goal of Dr. Nakian's research is described:
To provide further fundamental insights into early human development we are proposing to test the function of genes using gene editing and transfection approaches that are currently permitted under the HFE Act 2008. We also propose to use new methods based on CRIPSR/Cas9, which allows very specific alterations to be made to the genome. By applying more precise and efficient methods in our research we hope to require fewer embryos and be more successful than the other methods currently used. Importantly, in line with HFEA regulations, any donated embryos would be used for research purposes only. These embryos would be donated by informed consent and surplus to IVF treatment.
The HFEA approval in the U.K. is without precedent and represents the first officially sanctioned use of gene editing on germline DNA. The 2015 publication of a gene editing experiments on non-viable embryos by Chinese scientists was widely condemned and it accelerated the urgency of considering ethical and regulatory aspects of this research as soon as possible. As described here earlier, a recent National Academy of Sciences (NAS) international summit on gene editing technologies had concluded with a consensus statement that it would be "irresponsible" to use gene editing for the purpose of altering germline DNA in the creation of embryos for reproduction. This research does not do that, explicitly. It will use gene editing to study how genetic changes affect embryonic development as its end goal. With regard to the U.S., there is already an NIH-imposed ban on any federal funding for gene editing on human embryos; in addition, the U.S. has no regulatory equivalent of the U.K. HFEA to consider any possible requests for the approval of non-reproductive embryonic developmental studies like the one approved here. The ongoing NAS study committee will convene another public meeting next week (February 11) to consider more impacts of gene editing technologies; details here.
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